The first in a series of five, this lesson gives you an introduction to photosynthesis and teaches you how plants take energy from the sun and convert it to glucose using chlorophyll. Learn about light reactions, the calvin cycle, and the equation for photosynthesis that details how reactants in photosynthesis combine to form the energy necessary to sustain plant life.
Be sure to watch the next four lessons in this series for more information about photosynthesis.
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The first in a series of five, this lesson teaches you about the basic laws of Mendelian genetics. Through his many pea plant experiments, Gregor Mendel was able to shape our understanding of how genes are passed down and expressed from one generation to the next. Learn about his theories on genetics and heredity, including: dominant gene traits, phenotypic expression of genes, and how to use a Punnett square to determine inheritance patterns.
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Why in the world do snakes have hipbones? In this biology lesson, allow Craig Savage to blow your mind with evidence for evolution backed by evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin. Discover claims that support natural selection such as biodiversity, biogeography, and vestigial structures. See images of embryo development that reveal how humans, at one point in their lives, look like fish! Not convinced? Keep watching to see how the process works.
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Learn about glycolysis and its role in producing ATP and pyruvate during cellular respiration. The first of three, this lesson will teach you the formula for cellular respiration and how glucose is broken down for use in the Kreb’s cycle and fermentation.
For information on the next two stages of cellular respiration, watch “Cellular Respiration: The Kreb’s Cycle” and “Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain Phosphorylation.”
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Lost in the world of calculus? Start at the beginning with integralCALC’s online tutorials. The first in a series, this lesson introduces the idea of functions - number ‘machines’ that describe a relationship between two or more variables (like ‘x’ and ‘y'). Learn how functions differ from equations, what it means to find a function’s domain and range, and how to use the vertical line test to check a function’s validity.
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Did you know Theodore Roosevelt received both the Medal of Honor AND the Nobel Peace Prize? The 26th President of the United States, Teddy Roosevelt was known as the Cowboy of the Dakotas, the originator of the phrase “Square Deal” (meaning the average citizen would get a fair share under his domestic policies), and the founder of the Bull Moose Party. In this lesson, learn more about his life and impact on American history.
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Learn how scientists discovered DNA and determined its function, composition, and structure. The first in a series of eight, this lesson will teach you about the major experiments that led to our understanding of DNA as the physical basis for heredity. Craig will also teach you about the chemical structure of DNA and recent advances in genetic study - including cloning Dolly the sheep!
Watch the rest of this series to learn about DNA replication, protein synthesis, and gene control.
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Learn about the letter that began the American Revolutionary War. Written from the Continental Congress to the King, the Declaration of Independence outlined the colonists’ grievances and intent to form a new government. Follow along with Mr. Hughes, of HipHughes History, as he explains the document cited as one of the most celebrated manifestos for human freedom and self-government in the history of the Western world.
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Are you hungry for political science knowledge? In this lesson, Hip Hughes explains Federalism in the United States, beginning with Dual Federalism, and the Layer Cake model of Federalism (beginning at the end of the Civil War), before ending with Marble Cake Federalism (which, in contrast to Layer Cake Federalism, has less distinct separations between the role of the Fed and the powers of the States). But all this cake will only leave you hungry for more…more lessons on Federalism, that is.
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Learn to think on your feet! Follow along with this game theory series to better understand how people behave when confronted with a variety of decisions. This lesson will introduce you to William Spaniel's series on game theory, and teach you what game theory is and why it's important to study. For this series you'll use basic algebra and a little introductory calculus.
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What happens if two suspects are taken in for questioning on suspicion of robbery? If everyone is looking out for their own interests, the results might surprise you! Follow along with William Spaniel as he explains this classic game theory scenario. Learn how to decide which outcomes are most likely and what it means for a person to have a "strategically dominant strategy." Continue with the rest of this series to understand how people behave in increasingly complicated scenarios.
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Learn to apply the Prisoner's Dilemma strategy to a more complex game using a tactic called iterative elimination of strategically dominated strategies. In this lesson, William Spaniel will teach you how to identify scenarios that can be solved using this approach, and walk you through an example problem to get you on your way. Though not all games can be solved using this approach, it's a good one to have in your game theory tool belt!
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Inspired by the movie "A Beautiful Mind?" Learn what it really means to find a Nash equilibrium—or win-win situation—in this Game Theory 101 lesson. William Spaniel, author of "Game Theory 101: The Complete Textbook," will teach you how to set up and evaluate games and scenarios to find Nash equilibria - situations in which neither player benefits from switching their strategy.
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Do you want to learn to more effectively cooperate and negotiate with coworkers or friends? Game theory isn't just about winning or losing, it's also about working together to achieve awesome goals. In this lesson in his game theory series, William Spaniel defines the Nash equilibrium, and then clarifies the formal definition with a real world example: traffic.
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Do you play logic games or like to strategize? For all you evil geniuses out there, this lesson from William Spaniel's series on game theory will help you to solve for best responses based on the Nash equilibrium. Learn how to determine the best strategies for each player in a two-player game to arrive at four pure strategy Nash equilibria. Before long, you'll be ruling the world ... or at least your opposition.
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Do you know how to solve for outcomes in a two-player game, where there can only be one winner, and only one loser? In this lesson on mixed strategy Nash equilibrium from his series on game theory, William Spaniel explains how to solve a game with diametrically opposed interests (like soccer or football) when no pure strategy Nash equilibria exist.
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How do you strategize or come to a decision when no pure Nash equilibria are present? Continuing his series on game theory, William Spaniel teaches you all about mixed strategy algorithms. Using a zero-sum mixed strategy game, William explains the math symbols and the algebra required to solve these equations, and then how to interpret the resulting probabilities. With the right information, you can make the decision that benefits you the most.
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Have you ever lost points on a game theory assignment or test because you came to a slightly wrong conclusion? In this installment of his series on Game Theory, William Spaniel reveals one of the most frequent mistakes game theory students make: expressing mixed strategy Nash equilibria as decimals, not fractions. William demonstrates why 1/3 is not the same as .33, supporting his claim that when solving game theory equations, its always safe to stick with fractions.
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You want to play golf, but your friend wants go surfing, and you'd both rather be together than not. It is in your best interest to make the same decision, but you have a few options, and you have to decide without knowing your friend's decision. Learn how to run a mixed strategy algorithm to determine if there is a mixed strategy equilibria. Once you can calculate the payoffs for a mixed strategy, you can make an educated decision and choose the option with the highest probability of success.
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